There are two categories of fabric for sewing, natural and synthetic. In the natural category, there are fabrics such as cotton, wool, and linen. Synthetic fabrics are those like polyester.
Cotton and wool are common. Also, flannel is good for easy projects. Nylon net and polyester fabric is easy to find. There are many prints and solids in craft stores.
There are stretchy fabrics like polyester and knit. There is cotton that has a great variety of colors and patterns in fabrics that make attractive projects but cotton does wear faster. Silk is very rich and attractive looking but it is harder to work with because it tends to slip when making something so you must go slower.